Caracterización clínico-etiológica y bioquímica de pacientes con ginecomastia / Clinical- etiological and biochemical characterization of patients with gunecomastia

RESUMEN Introducción: La ginecomastia define el aumento benigno del tamaño de la glándula mamaria en el hombre. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas, etiológicas y bioquímicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de ginecomastia atendidos en el servicio de Cirugía General. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en una muestra de 108 pacientes, mayores de 18 años, atendidos en el servicio de Cirugía General con diagnóstico de ginecomastia. El estudio se llevó a cabo en los Hospitales Mariano Pérez Balí y Celia Sánchez Manduley, entre septiembre 2015 y marzo 2017. Se determinó edad, características clínicas, etiología y perfil bioquímico de estos pacientes. Resultados: La edad media fue de 27,63 años siendo la afectación estética el principal motivo de consulta. Predominó la ginecomastia bilateral, el sobrepeso/obesidad, el grado IIa de la enfermedad, la etiología idiopática y el antecedente de ginecomastia puberal. La presencia de galactorrea, hiperprolactinemia, hipoandrogenismo e hiperestrogenemia fue mínima. Conclusiones: La ginecomastia bilateral de causa idiopática, en pacientes con sobrepeso/obesidad y niveles normales de hormonas hipofisarias y gonadales es la forma de presentación más frecuente de esta afección(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gynecomastia defines the benign increase of the mammary gland size in men. Objective: To determine the clinical, etiological and biochemical characteristics of patients diagnosed with gynecomastia attended at the General Surgery service. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 108 patients over the age of 18 years, attended at the service of General Surgery with a diagnosis of gynecomastia. The study was carried out in ´´Mariano Perez Bali´´ and ´´Celia Sánchez Manduley´´ Hospitals from September 2015 to March 2017. The age, clinical characteristics, etiology, and biochemical profile of these patients were determined. Results: The mean age was 27.63 years and the aesthetic affectations were the main reason for consultation. There was a predominance of bilateral gynecomastia, overweight/obesity, grade IIa of the disease, idiopathic etiology and the history of pubertal gynecomastia. The presence of hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, hypoandrogenism and hyperstrogenism was minimal. Conclusions: Bilateral gynecomastia of idiopathic cause, in patients with overweight/obesity and normal levels of gonadal and pituitary hormones is the most common presentation of this condition(AU)

Importancia de la anamnesis exhaustiva ante una ginecomastia unilateral inexplicada en un niño / Importance of the exhaustive anamnesis to an unexplained unilateral gynecomastia in a child

La ginecomastia es el crecimiento de la mama por un desequilibrio hormonal entre estrógenos y andrógenos. Un crecimiento importante y unilateral requiere descartar patologías subyacentes. Una causa poco frecuente es la traumática, que provoca aumento de tamaño por estimulación repetida. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 6 años con ginecomastia unilateral. Se destaca como único hallazgo en las pruebas complementarias hiperprolactinemia. Rehistoriando, se detecta una continua autoestimulación mamaria manual y oral a través de mordiscos de meses de evolución. Tras el cese del estímulo, se observa la involución de la mama y la normalización de los niveles de prolactina séricos.

Gynecomastia consists of breast enlargement due to a hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens. Unilateral and important breast growth requires ruling underlying pathologic disorders out. Mechanical cause is uncommon, causing enlargement by repeated stimulation. We report a 6-year-old boy with unilateral gynecomastia. Hyperprolactinemia is the only abnormal finding at laboratory tests. After repeated inquiries, a continuous breast selfstimulation is detected. Its relation with gynecomastia is verified because prolactin normalizes and breast regressed in further revisions, after stopping stimulus.

Ginecomastia / Gynecomastia

O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar na literatura dados referentes à etiologia da ginecomastia, seu diagnóstico e aspectos radiológicos. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica sistematizada para a produção de um artigo de revisão, de modo a responder ao objetivo proposto. A ginecomastia pode ser dividida em fisiológica (neonatal, puberal e senil) e patológica (resultante da diminuição da ação da testosterona, ou do aumento da ação estrogênica, por mecanismo de indução por drogas, idiopática ou secundária a outras causas). O diagnóstico deve ser realizado através do exame físico, investigação endócrina e exames radiológicos, como a mamografia e a ultrassonografia. O tratamento está baseado na orientação, medicamentos e, em último caso, cirúrgico.(AU)

The objective of this study was to observe data in the literature regarding the etiology, diagnosis and radiological aspects of gynecomastia. The methodology included a systematic literature search to produce a review article in order to meet the objective. Gynecomastia can be divided into physiologic (neonatal, pubertal and senile) and pathological (due to decreased action of testosterone, increased estrogen action, drug?induced, idiopathic or due to other causes). The diagnosis could be made by physical examination, endocrine and radiological investigation, as mammography and ultrasound. The treatment is based on the guidance, medication and, ultimately, surgery.(AU)

Síndrome de Klinefelter: diagnóstico raro na faixa etária pediátrica / Klinefelter syndrome: an unusual diagnosis in pediatric patients

OBJETIVO: Identificar dados clínicos e laboratoriais que diferenciam os casos com síndrome de Klinefelter de acordo com a faixa etária. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos os casos de hipogonadismo, ginecomastia e/ou infertilidade avaliados em hospital universitário cujo cariótipo foi realizado entre janeiro de 1989 e dezembro de 2011, totalizando 105 pacientes. Foram avaliados: idade na primeira consulta, relação entre envergadura e altura, pilificação pubiana, ginecomastia, tamanho testicular, hormônio luteinizante (LH), hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH), testosterona e espermograma. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticados três casos com síndrome de Klinefelter (SK+) e 72 sem a síndrome (SK-). Dos casos com síndrome de Klinefelter, apenas sete (21,2%) foram diagnosticados antes dos 20 anos e dois (6,1%) antes dos 10 anos de idade. A idade na primeira consulta (em anos) foi semelhante nos dois grupos (SK+ = 31,3±12,9 e SK- = 27,6±12,1), o mesmo ocorrendo com a relação entre envergadura e altura e a presença de ginecomastia. No entanto, a pilificação pubiana foi menor no grupo SK+, o mesmo ocorrendo com a média do volume bitesticular e a testosterona, enquanto que o LH e o FSH foram mais elevados neste grupo, o mesmo ocorrendo com a frequência de azoospermia. CONCLUSÕES: A síndrome de Klinefelter ainda é pouco e tardiamente diagnosticada em nosso meio, sendo os dados de tamanho testicular, LH, FSH, testosterona e presença de azoospermia no espermograma os mais importantes para o seu diagnóstico, principalmente na puberdade e na vida adulta.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and laboratory data which differentiate Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients according to age group. METHODS: The study included all cases of hypogonadism, gynecomastia and/or infertility whose karyotype was performed at a university hospital from January 1989 to December 2011, in a total of 105 subjects. The following data were retrospectively analyzed: age at first visit, ratio of arm span to height, pubic hair, gynecomastia, testicular volume, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (T), and spermiogram. RESULTS: During the study period, 33 patients were diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome (KS+) and 72 were not (KS-). Out of all KS cases, only seven (21.2%) were diagnosed before 20 years old and two (6.1%) before 10 years old. Age at first consultation (in years) was similar in both groups (KS+ = 31.3±12.9 and KS- = 27.6±12.1), as were ratio of arm span to height and frequency of gynecomastia. However, in KS+ patients, pubic hair was less developed, testicular volume was smaller and testosterone levels were lower, while LH and FSH levels and frequency of azoospermia were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Klinefelter syndrome is both an under and late diagnosed condition. The most important data for diagnosis are testicular volume, hormone levels and presence of azoospermia in spermiogram, especially in puberty and adult life.

Ectopic gynecomastia: repost of occurence in a male patient with type 1 diabetes

We report a case of breast tissue development at the usual insulin injection area, on both iliac fossa.There is no report in the literature that shows relation between hypertrophy, and/or increase ofin vivo breast tissue and insulin stimulus. To our knowledge, this is the first case of ectopic gynecomastia reported in the literature. Male patient, 52 years, diabetic, sought to the Emergency Department due to abdominal pain. Abdomen computed tomography scan incidentally indentified tissuewith the same morphological and attenuation characteristics of the breast in the subcutaneous of both iliac fossa, at the usual insulin injection site. The patient was also submitted to complementaryultrasound exam. Ectopic gynecomastia is a possible entity, considering embryology andhormone aspects, but literature has no record of such cases in men. Another intriguing point is thatthe preeminence of the breast tissue occurred only at the chronic insulin injection area, a stimulatinghormone, known to be mitogenic.

Relatamos o caso de paciente masculino, em que foi identificadotecido mamário no local habitual de aplicação de insulina, nas fossas ilíacas. Não há na literatura nenhuma relação estabelecidaentre hipertrofia e/ou aumento do tecido mamário in vivo e estímulo de insulina, sendo este, ao nosso conhecimento, o primeiro caso documentado na literatura de ginecomastia ectópica. Paciente do sexo masculino, 52 anos, diabético, atendido no Pronto Atendimento devido a dor abdominal. Tomografia computadorizada de abdome total identificou, incidentalmente, tecido com as mesmas características morfológicas e de atenuação do tecido mamário no subcutâneo de ambas as fossas ilíacas, no local habitual de aplicação de insulina. Foi feita complementação com ultrassonografia direcionada. A ginecomastia ectópica é uma entidade possível, tendo em vista a embriologia e os fatores hormonais,porém não há na literatura casos descritos em homens. Outro fator intrigante é a proeminência do tecido mamário somente no local de injeção crônica de insulina, um hormônio estimulante, conhecidamente mitogênico.

Bilateral breast enlargement in a male toddler: An unusual cause.

We report a case of a two and a half yr old boy who presented with complaint of bilateral asymmetrical breast enlargement since infancy. On examination, he had features of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Complete endocrinological evaluation was normal. Trucut biopsy of the breast revealed overgrowth of fibrocollagenous and adipose tissue without hyperplasia of breast parenchyma. Thus a diagnosis of NF1 with pseudogynecomastia was made.

Isoniazid induced gynaecomastia: a case report.

Gynaecomastia due to anti-tubercular chemotherapy is a rare side effect. Isoniazid causing breast tissue enlargement has been very rarely reported. We report a 60-year old, male patient of Pulmonary Tuberculosis who was started on antituberculous treatment (ATT) with rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H), ethambutol (E) and pyrazinamide (Z) together for initial two months and R, H & E thereon. After five months of initiation of treatment, while receiving RHE, he developed painful bilateral gynaecomastia. Isoniazid was stopped and patient was continued on R & E till completion of the treatment up to nine months. After stopping isoniazid, his breast swelling subsided to some extent and became non-tender. Follow up, at six months, after stopping the course of treatment, patient was asymptomatic except for slight bilateral non-tender breast enlargement.

Ginecomastía: aproximación clínica y terapeútica / Gynecomastia: clinical and therapeutic approach

La Ginecomastia es una condición frecuente especialmente en la pubertad y edad adulta, no obstante en ocasiones produce en el paciente un importante grado de ansiedad y discomfort social. Si bien la mayoría de las veces no representa un desafío clínico diagnóstico, puede ser la manifestación inicial de un gran numero de condiciones médicas de mayor importancia para el pronóstico del paciente. De capital importancia es el diagnóstico diferencial con el cáncer de mama masculino, que si bien es de presentación mas bien excepcional, puede ser resuelto con un tratamiento precoz. El presente articulo es una revisión de los aspectos más trascendentes a considerar en el enfrentamiento clínico y terapéutico de esta condición.

Male breast disorders in Jordan. Disease patterns and management problems

To highlight the features and management problems of male breast disorders in an eastern country such as Jordan. Data regarding 33 male patients who underwent surgery for breast diseases in the Department of Surgery at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan, between the year 1996 and 2002 were analyzed. Gynecomastia [45.5%], ductal carcinoma [18.2%], and lipoma [12.1%] were the most frequent lesions. Endocrine testing when the clinical diagnosis was physiologic gynecomastia was not yielding. Many features of male breast carcinoma in Jordan [symptomatology, male to female ratio, high education rate, age, diagnostic yield of fine-needle aspiration, histological type, and estrogen receptor status] did not depart from the experience of others. Delayed presentation is evident from the fact that 57% of tumors were stage III. Loco-regional control was achieved by modified radical mastectomy. Tamoxifen was used in 5 patients, and chemotherapy in 4 patients. The patient with stage I is still disease free 6 years after the diagnosis. The 5-year survival rate for stages II and III was zero. Rare lesions [cystic hygroma, cystic mastopathy, fibroadenoma, duct papilloma, tuberculosis, periductal mastitis, and the previously unreported primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the breast] accounted for the rest of the group. The patient with primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of right breast was treated by mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. He remains disease free 31 months after the diagnosis. Unawareness and the fact that male breast enlargement is considered a social stigmata are responsible for the delayed presentation. The value of fine needle aspiration cytology and mammography is not widely appreciated. The wide spectrum of potential pathologies calls for referring all patients to specialized breast units

Lipoaspiração ultrassônica em ginecomastia / Ultra-sound assisted liposuction in gynecomastias

A lipoaspiração ultrassônica vem se tornando bastante indicada no tratamento das ginecomastias, devi- do à boa qualidade dos resultados obtidos. O presente estudo relata 11 casos de ginecomastia glandular e glândulo-gordurosa, no período de 1999 a 2002, submetidos à lipoaspiração ultrassônica e lipoaspiração convencional complementar, com cânulas de médio e pequeno calibres. Foi utilizado o equipamento Lisonix 2000, numa amplitude de 5, ou seja, 50 da potência do aparelho, com cânulas de 32 cm de comprimento e 3 mm de diâmetro. O volume médio aspirado, pela lipoaspiração ultrassônica, foi de 222 ml na mama direita e de 225 ml na mama esquerda, enquanto que o volume aspirado por lipoaspiração convencional foi de 200 ml e de 205 ml, respectivamente, totalizando em média, 852 ml por paciente. O tempo médio de lipoaspiração ultrassônica foi de 7 minutos e 12 segundos. Podemos concluir que, a lipoaspiração ultrassônica tem sua indicação, tanto em ginecomastia gordurosa quanto glandular, com uma evolução pós- operatória mais rápida, sem a necessidade de uma incisão na aréola e ressecção cirúrgica da glândula ma- mária.

The ultrasound assisted liposuction is becoming more popular in treating gynecomastias. This paper reports 11 cases of fatty-glandular breasts treated from 1999 to 2002 at private clinic, which were undertaken to ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty and complementary conventional liposuction, with small and medium canulas. Lisonix 2000 was used with 32 cm length canulas and diameter of 3 mm.The medium volume aspirated by ultrasound- assisted lipoplasty in the right breast was 222 ml and 225 ml were aspirated from the left breast, while the volume aspirated by conventional liposuction was 200 ml and 205 ml, respectively, with a total of 852 ml per patient. The medium time of liposuction for each side was 7 minutes and 12 seconds. The ultrasound-assisted lipoplasty is indicated either in fatty or glandular gynecomastia, with better results when compared with conventional liposuction. It has a faster recovery period without the need for glandular tissue resection.

value of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of male breast lesions

The aim of this retrospective case series is to explore and highlight the subject of male breast diseases in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and to assess the value of fine needle aspiration in diagnosing these lesions. Material and Data on male breast biopsies and fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC] done between 1984 and 1999 were retrieved from the laboratory records. The same pathologist blindly examined all the cytology and histology slides. Histopathology diagnoses were classified into benign and malignant. FNAC diagnoses w e re categorized as positive, negative, inconclusive or unsatisfactory. Cytohistologic correlation was done with data from histopathology records. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of FNAC were calculated using standard statistical methods. Our results were also compared with a similar large study. Sixty-three [6.0%] of 1044 patients undergoing breast surgical biopsies were males. Benign lesions comprised 55 cases [87.3%], but eight cases [12.7%] were malignant lesions [six ductal carcinomas and two metastatic adenocarcinoma]. Gynecomastia is the most common male breast lesion, constituting 54% [mean age 31.23 years]. Amajority [54%] of these patients presented near puberty. Twelve patients had cytohistological records for correlation, giving a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 83.33%, positive predictive value of 85.71%, negative predictive value of 100%, false positive fraction of 8.3% and a false negative fraction of 0%. Male breast lesions constituted 6% of all breast lesions and male breast carcinomas constituted 2.59% of all breast carcinomas. This study also shows that FNAC is an accurate tool for diagnosing male breast lesions. It is highly sensitive and specific. FNAC should, therefore, be used confidently and be included as an integral part of primary assessment of breast lumps in males

Ginecomastia transitória näo puberal: relato de três casos / Transient not pubertal gynecomastia: report of three cases

Os autores relatam os casos de 3 meninos com ginecomastia pré-puberal, de etiologias incomuns. No primeiro caso, ginecomastia bilateral teve início aos 5 anos e 10 meses de idade e foi relacionada com realimentação após doença celíaca. No segundo caso, ginecomastia unilateral foi constatada aos 8 anos e 5 meses de idade, após a introdução de análogo do GnRH, utilizando para tratamento de puberdade precoce verdadeira idiopática diagnosticada aos 5 anos. No terceiro caso, ginecomastia bilateral surgiu aos 5 anos e 9 meses e foi associada à contaminação com estrógeno de origem não estabelecida. Nos três casos, a evolução clínica foi benigna com regressão da ginecomastia. A apresentação dos casos confirma que, nesta faixa etária, a ginecomastia, embora rara, apresenta com freqüência dificuldades diagnósticas em relação ao processo desencadeante.

Diagnóstico preciso del tipo de ginecomastia en la elección de la técnica dermato-quirúrgica correctiva / Precise diagnosis of type gynecomastia in the elective of technic dermato-surgical corrective

Se realiza un estudio en 15 pacientes con ginecomastia de etiologías diferentes, para la cual se aplican técnicas dérmato-quirúrquicas correctivas basadas en un diágnostico preciso. Los casos fueron examinados palpatoriamente para determinar la consistencia de la masa mamaria, decidiendo clínicamente la vía de abordaje y la técnica quirúrgica a emplear. Sólo se utilizo anestesia local más sedación. La corrección dérmato-quirúrgica a emplear. Sólo se utilizo anestesia local más sedación. La corrección dérmato-quirúrgica se realizo mediante escisión directa (tejido glandular) o mediante liposucción (tejido graso). La frecuencia de secuelas y complicaciones indeseables fueron mínimas, sobre todo en aquellos pacientes en los cuales se empleó la técnica quirúrgica mixta

Ginecomastía correlación clínico-patológica / Gynaecomastia: clinico-pathologic correlation

Se denomina ginecomastía a la hipertrofia de la glándula mamaria masculina. Puede ser fisiológica, familiar, patológica o inducida por drogas, aunque en muchos casos su etiología es desconocida, la ginecomastía es usualmente unilateral y asintomática. Los mecanismos que se involucran son: incremento de la estimulación de estrógenos, disminución de los niveles de testosteronay disminución de la relación andrógrenos/estrógenos. El tratamiento puede ser dirigido a la causa subyacente cuando ésta es identificada. Se estudiaron 24 pacientes con diagnóstico de ginecomastía comprendidos entre las edades de 14 a 30 añnos a quienes se les efectuó mastectomía subcutánea con incisión periareolar. Hubo dos complicaciones que consistieron en hematoma e infeción del área quirúrgica y remanente de tejido mamario redundante. Los análisis de laboratorio no fueron concluyentes para determinar la etiología

La pubertad y sus alteraciones / Puberty and it's alterations

Se revisa la fisiología de la maduración sexual, desde la vida intrauterina hasta la pubertad, con énfasis en los eventos que ocurren durante la pubertad tanto en la mujer como en el varón. Luego se describen las alteraciones que ocurren en el desarrollo de la pubertad: pubertad precoz y pubertad tardía , sus causas, metodología diagnóstica y posibilidades tarapéuticas. Y, en la tercera parte del artículo se comentan las variaciones normales de la pubertad: adrenarquia prematura, telarquia prematura, menarquia prematura y ginecomastia puberal.